Cosmology on Microsoft Picture Manager :)

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap091121.html

From APOD download NGC 253 a spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor, said to be between eight and thirteen million light years distant, crop the image to 1359 x 1037 pixels centered on the brightest part of the galaxy, extending to the cluster of emission nebulae, the red bits in the disc lower right and to similar emission nebulae upper left.

Pythagoras told us the square on the hypotenuse is the sum of the square of the other two sides, we want to know the measurement of the hypotenuse, which is the straight line opposite the right angle, here represented by the square corners courtesy Microsoft Picture Manager.

1359 squared is 1846881, 1037 squared is 1075369, add the upper and lower and get 2922250, find the square root is 1709, thus the Galaxy subtends an angle of 1709 pixels, rounded out to 1700.

We want to know because there are two more distant spiral galaxies located below right center in the same shot, fortunately both are nearly upright which makes it easier to gauge their width, the lower and smaller of the two fits quite neatly in a square box 14 X 14 pixels, the larger is little longer at around 16, for the sake of simplicity add another pixel to get 17.

Divide that by the angle of 1700 pixels subtended by the much closer NGC 253, and find the more distant galaxy is one hundred times smaller, we are gonna say that it is similarly one hundred times more distant. So far we are getting a handle on the scale of the universe .. exactly the same principle applies locally.

Space based telescopes give one hundred and thirty degrees as the longitudinal dimension of the Milky Way, Sky Catalogue 2000.0 tells us NGC 253 is 25.1 arc minutes or .4163 of one degree long, we divide that by the one thirty degrees of the Milky Way to get 310.78, which means NGC 253 is that many times further away than the center of the Milky Way galaxy.

Sagittarius A*

Radio data from Sagittarius A* recognized as the heart of the MW galaxy, has returned a distance of 24,250 light years, NGC 253 is 310.78 times further away, multiply the distance to A* by 310.78, and get 7,536,415 LY as the distance to NGC 253!

We got the figures by finding that NGC 253 is 1700 pixels across, the larger of the two more distant galaxies is one hundred times smaller at seventeen pixels, and one hundred times further away at 753,641,500 light years, multiply by 365.24 x 24 x60 x60 x 186,000 for miles!

The smaller of the two is somewhere around fourteen pixels across, however since it was less than that we do some more calculus, as each pixel is taken away so does the distance increase, should it become eight and one half pixels the distance would be 1578.83 million light years.

Since it was not that small, we will say half way between seventeen and eight and a half, so add four and a quarter pixels for an image half as wide again of twelve and three quarter pixels .. a fair total, then for a place that is similarly halfway between the upper and lower limits, go to a distance half way between at 1130.46 million light years.

FAQ's: How can you say that all spiral galaxies are the same size??

Reply: The MW galaxy has the same overall profile as many similar disc galaxies, including NGC 253, ie an active center and emission nebulae spaced similar distances apart, less active and smaller galaxies have less active profiles, while spherical galaxies fall into a different category altogether, neither classes of object should be mistaken for anything else.

Another edge on spiral visible on the same plate at upper left center, has an image width of around eight and one half pixels, in this model it is around 1,578.83 million light years distant, where each pixel in image width corresponds to 188.2 million ly .. which is why we say galaxies are at a given mean, using the best estimate of the MW at one hundred thousand light years across as a yard stick.

We would be speaking in terms of millionths of a pixel in image width, were we to locate the true size of distant galaxies .. there is a critter called a Dwarf Spiral can trip you up, however all calculations should be accompanied by redshift data, which will expose any of those trying to sneak onto the main list.

Another is Malin 1 named after its discoverer David Malin, who revolutionized astronomical photography in the 1970's and 80's, which does not fit into this scheme, however Malin 1 objects are very rare and seldom encountered, while redshift data would instantly expose them for what they are.

This pic shows the relationships in the Milky Way family

The MW is surrounded by star clouds which formed in emission nebulae at the tidal boundary of the galaxy .. the gravity source can not keep the disc stable outwardly for ever, and bits will spin off and go their own way at that place, this is the physical force that makes all similar disc galaxies roughly the same size, give or take.

The arms in spiral galaxies are a density wave, down which Hole Matter travels from the center trailing expanding emission nebula in its wake, whence form globular clusters and stars, see file material and very rare photos.

Clusters of stars resembling bunches of grapes form, and as expansion continues the individual grapes become stars,  see the Pleiades, the Magellanic Clouds formed when a particularly virulent particles of Hole Matter arrived at the tidal boundary, then spun off into intergalactic space, maybe to keep expanding to form other major spirals, which will keep expanding from infinity - like a Mandelbrot Set - to spawn similar galaxies!

Q: How likely is it that globular clusters are juvenile galaxies?

Reply: Probably unlikely, in this model the compressed  matter in the spiral arms expands in emission nebulae, to form stars and  globular clusters, that drift to stations above and below the disc as  the spiral evolves into an ellipse .. the globular clusters form a  placenta that effectively shields the galaxy from radiation, and a  buffer zone against collisions and impacts with other galaxies.

Q: So galaxies calve?

Reply: Sure they do, look for rare shots of spidery looking juvenile galaxies drifting away from parent bodies!

At left above galaxy M31 the closest major galaxy in the constellation Andromeda, not counting Dwingeloo 1 located directly opposite the nucleus of the MW, which thus remains invisible from Earth, the fuzzy blob below right center of M31 is satellite galaxy M32, the large blob in the disc slightly below left center is M110, both are embryo galaxies that could expand as a child galaxies of M31!

Omega Centauri at center called NGC 5694 is an embryo galaxy of the Milky Way, it has no active nucleus maybe it could start spinning and flatten into a disc, then drift away to expand as a star cloud, or to become a Low Surface Brightness galaxy.

LSB galaxies are numerous and collisions between them are frequent,  they do not show up at all on most conventional photo’s, and are  thought to produce an abundance of silver which absorbs their light, their presence was revealed after large numbers of blue arcs centered on super massive elliptical galaxies, turned up in deep field shots at right.

Astronomers started looking for more and found millions near and far, during the collision phase if two colliding members are compatible, they combine then rapidly evolve into an active disc, as the nascent black holes lurking at the heart of both respond then reproduce.

Q: What happens next?

The active nucleus of spiral galaxies like the MW and M31 expand and gather all the dust and debris in the galaxy, then contract into a very dense center, the material goes into the torus, the donut of swirling dust and shattered stars that insulates the central surrounds of the black hole, or cluster of BH’s at the center of the galaxy.

Astrometry data is essential so has it been hijacked by NASA and JPL, whose joint purpose has itself been hijacked by defense, which has been hijacked by hijackers who run government, who employ hijackers to hijack hard evidence and true science.

They try to sell their version back to the public, in books and publications with Saganesque data about cannibal galaxies, and wanna tell you “well there was this Big Bang,” there was no BB man is gonna plunge back into the age of ignorance, while it remains the province of the select few with the right security clearance, to get an education.

Check the shot of Sagittraius A* above there is a distance bar but no image width scale, without which it remains a pretty picture with absolutely no scientific value whatever, with good sky maps available that have photographs and catalogs of deep fields, and astrometry, radio locating and red shift data, it does not take long to figure it all out.

The data that is released is most often too raw with dazzling columns of figures, seemingly contradictory terms, and seldom in a form that can be used for home astrometry, the photographs and charts they reproduce never have grid markers, so scale always remains a mystery.

This thread commenced at NGC 253, and was intended to refute the claim the universe is expanding after the explosion of a primal atom, evidenced by Redshift which Big Bangers say shows the velocity of physical recession, which true science recognizes as an artifact of distance.

Nowhere do distant galaxies show evidence that they are fall out from an explosion, there is no trail of smoking debris like there was at the WTC on 911, which was from a genuine big bang, nor do they appear to be doing anything except drifting about a bit, until they establish stable orbits with other members in their group.

Thank You MT.
Good thread .

Love from me
mudra

Thank You Brook.
You are right I can see the Light in the blackest darkness. That light that is beyond body,shape or form.
I believe it's a gift.
But you Brook are able to see what's cooking in that darkness and I believe that's an extremely valuable gift too.
From you I learn greater discernement as I hope you can learn something from me too.
I haven't had time to watch that video you mentioned yet but I will.  

Much Love for You
mudra

Try a couple more ..

NGC 253 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0911/NGC253_SSRO.jpg

Crop the latest APOD image of NGC 253  to 2790 X 1630 pixels, use Pythagoras theorem to determine the hypotenuse length ie .. 2790 squared is 7784100, 1630 squared is 2656900, Sum = 10441000, Square root is 3231.25 pixels.

The edge on spiral below R center circled, fits into a box 27 pixels square at the correct angle .. 27 squared is 729 + 729 = 1458 square root is 38.18.

Divide the hypotenuse on the original image 3231.25 by 38.18 = 84.63, multiply that number by 7,536,415 the distance to NGC 253, as determined above = makes the circled galaxy 637,806,801.45 light yrs distant!

In a scientific environment when far sharper and more detailed shots are available, the results can be refined to virtually eliminate approximations!

NGC55 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0810/NGC55_gendler.jpg

Sky Catalogue 2000.0, gives the  longitudinal dimension of irregular galaxy NGC55 in the constellation  Sculptor as 32.4 arc minutes, we know the MW spans 130° or 7800 arc  minutes, and find it appears 240.74 times larger in the sky than does  NGC55.

Multiply 240.74 by the 24,250 light years to Sagittarius A*, recognized  as the heart of the MW galaxy, makes the distance between NGC 55 and the  Earth 5,837,945 light yrs.

Crop the large image to 1653 X 1002 pixels  and proceed as before, 1653 squared is 2732409, 1002 squared is  1004004, the sum of which is 3736413, while the square root of that  figure is 1932.98

See two edge on spirals circled at right, find the Yellow Galaxy lies  diagonally in a box 13 X 22 pixels, while the Red Galaxy is 22 X 32  pixels, the YG's figures are 13 X 13 = 169, 22 X 22 = 484, add both =  653, the sqrt is 25.55, the RG's are 22 X 22 = 484, 32 X 32 = 1024, sum =  1508 sqrt is 38.83.

Divide 1932.98 the hypotenuse on the cropped image by both, to find the  YG and the RG are 75.65 and 49.78 times further away at 441,640,539.25  and 290,612,902.1 light yrs respectively!

brobostigon Makes a good point...... Time: 2011-12-19 05:52

The physics behind the Red Shift, called the Doppler Effect, is already confirmed by experiment.

after the explosion of a primal atom, that accordingly could only have been located right where good ol’ Earth is today



You cannot extrapolate that Earth is at the center of the expansion; most galaxies are moving away from the Earth as a result of the expansion of spacetime itself. It was not an explosion that we are used to seeing here on “good ol’ Earth” today. This is sometimes explained using the balloon analogy: inflating the balloon causes all other points on the balloon to expand relative to the other points. I learned about the Big Bang theory back in the early eighties using the “Raisin Cake” analogy – when baking the cake expands and the distance between the raisins within the cake increases relative to each other raisin.

Other evidence confirms the Big Bang Theory: the discovery of the Cosmic Background Radiation for example, which was predicted by Big Bang Theory advocates, is probably much stronger evidence than the Red Shift alone.

Doppler Effect in Light: Red Shift & Blue Shift
http://physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/a/doplight.htm

What is the Big Bang Theory?
http://physics.about.com/od/astronomy/f/BigBang.htm

http://bbs.chinadaily.com.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&action=printable&tid=723037

Brook wrote:This sounds a lot like a case of an Astronomy wannabe that failed, possible for lack of math background.


Astronomy isn't only done by the US government.

Martin Timothy Says:

Look at deep fields obtained in the 1950’s by Hubble and Milt Humason with the two hundred inch Hale telescope at Mount Palomar, clear vision of galaxies extending as far as the eye could see.

Some appeared to exist in a swarm around the sub cluster at the heart of the Virgo cluster of galaxies, that included the massive elliptical, which means shaped between egg shaped and spherical, galaxy M87 that has a jet of material streaming from its core.

Others were in streamers and wisps of galaxies extending outward, until their images on Hubble’s plates were no more than pin pricks. The fact that when the spectra of these galaxies was analyzed it revealed that the absorption lines of all the common elements were shifted toward the red end of the spectrum, the furtherest ones away, attested to by the small width of their image on the photographic plates, all had greater RS than their closer counterparts whose images subtended a greater angle, which is astro talk for image width.

Then see later images obtained with better more sensitive instruments and see the tendrils and filaments of high RS galaxies extend once again to the resolving limit of the telescope, once again the more distant edge on spiral galaxies appear as a central bulge, with two pointy bits extending about twice as far on the same axis, yet these galaxies are vastly more distant than Hubble’s, and yet they are in the same advanced stages of evolution as the MW.

Now in this new millennia space based and adaptive optic instruments have extended the visual limit even further, and still the same clear space and edge on spirals at the visual limit, here RS is approaching twelve which puts their rate of recession well into the supraluminal category, yeah that means faster than the speed of light, yet they are goin’ about their own business, the same as around here.

See the galaxies ever further away in every direction, and see them as neurons in the brain of God, there is no other way to describe it, it is meant in no evangelical sense, it just seems the best way to describe the physical reality.

http://forums.randi.org/showthread.php?t=111188&page=2

Cosmic Inflation

It is imperative to note that energy density, pressure and curvature
will be extremely high near the time of the cosmic collapse
So, large structures of the universe will get smashed to elementary particles.
This state is analogous to the early universe. So, quantum gravity
effects can not be ignored as quantum effects are important in
the early universe. As a result, quantum particles will get produced due
to rapid change in topology of the space-time.

It is found that cosmic collapse can be avoided due to the back-reaction
of these particles and  the universe will expand exponentially after. Thus,
this model predicts revival of the state of early universe in future when
t > t col.

From:

http://arxiv.org/pdf/0809.1950.pdf


http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1003/1003.5208.pdf

Bohm: Well, in relativity we have the notion of the universal field which is dynamic, flowing and according to Einstein particles should eventually emerge out of this as singularities or very strong regions, stable pulses of field, which gradually emerge, the fields gradually emerge with other particles. So we have an unbroken universe which is in constant flow, dynamically, and even the very notions of space and time have become relative, which were previously absolute. And it may even go on to singularities like a black hole, the supposed beginning of the universe, where the present laws would brake down all together. All concepts that we know. So that’s a very revolutionary view compared with what we had, say, a century ago.

And then there’s quantum theory, which perhaps is more revolutionary. It’s hard to explain that in a short time, but there are 3 main features I’d say.One is the notion that a quantum process is in some sense indivisible, that it is one whole, which cannot, it can be broken but then it becomes an entirely different process, so each process is a whole, otherwise it can’t be what it is, and all the quantum processes of movement are linked as it where in one whole.

Now the second point is the wave particle duality, the discovery that, say, electrons which classically particles can behave statistically like waves when in a more precise experiment and light which is classically a wave can behave like a particle in a more precise experiment. So it seems we have this 2 aspects which depend on how the system is treated, context dependent, which is quite different from the classical idea that whether it’s a wave or a particle is intrinsic.

Now the third point is what’s non-locality. That we find that in certain conditions there’s apparently an immediate connection of different particles.It’s rather hard to explain, we can use it for signals but still it seems to be there. It’s connected with the experiment of Einstein-Podolsy-Rosen and has been checked by, you they’ve been tested by Bell’s theorem aspects experiment. It seems pretty well established, right. Both theoretically and experimentally.

Again all of these you see combined to the notion that the universe is a kind of indivisible whole, rather than an analysed into constituent elements which interact has separately existent.

Interviewer: But how much can you tell about this indivisible whole?

Bohm: Well, we can tell quite a bit in the sense that all the laws of quantum mechanics are concerned with it you see. I mean you can tell, well I don’t know what you want to know, but I mean all the laws you compute, the properties of all sorts of things. For example, take superconductivity. At high temperature the electrons will generally scatter of obstacles and metals. And therefore there will be a resistance for the current flow would stop unless it’s maintained by a voltage. At very low temperatures and certain metals the current flow is indefinitely without scattering and that is as a quantum effect.

Now as far as, if you analyse it, you can see that it’s due to the fact that the electrons are a sort of locked, held together in summary by these non-local interactions. So that if there is an obstacle they go around and reform rather than scatter. It’s rather than a ballet dance, that people going around and reform as in a crowd each person is following his own personal purpose and they all scatter, they all get into each others way.

Interviewer: So this unity also creates a kind of ordering of things?

Bohm: Yes, it can create a kind of ordering of things. But at the same time it explains, you can see that there are situations where we have this high degree of order and others where we don’t. That it’s possible within the mathematics to see that when something called the wavefunction, represented as a set up product of independent factors, and all the particles behave independently, but then in a more general situation they don’t. You can explain why we have so much independence in ordinary experience and yet why in a more careful probing we find order, new kinds of order.

So the classical level, the Newtonian level, is explained by quantum mechanics as a limiting case. Now the more, you have a whole, but the whole determines itself to behave somewhat like independent parts in many cases. So even whether it’s going to behave like parts is determined by the whole,right.

Interviewer: But what we can see is the parts rather than the whole.

Bohm: Well, in physics we see the parts because that’s the way we approached it the last few centuries. I don’t know if, you see, I think our perception is influenced by our way of thinking. So that we accept this mechanical way of looking at things. But if you went back a thousand or two thousand years, I don’t think people actually saw the particles as primary.The way we see depends on the way we think.

Interviewer: But is it a choice, do we have to choose between the whole and the parts?

Bohm: No, well you see, it’s a question or whether you have a holistic approach, which puts the whole as primary. In classical physics the parts are the primary concept and the whole is only an auxiliary concept which is convenient, you have many parts working together like a machine. But the parts are taken as the basic reality. And seeing we just subjectively we find it convenient to think about the whole. But in quantum mechanics I think there’s something else, that the whole is object and the parts are the result of analysis. But we have large areas where the whole behaves to some extend like independent parts.

Bohm-SarfattiBack-Reaction
the quantum behaviour of a system of electrons and the behaviour of mind
Geometry acts on Matter/Energy telling it how to move,

while Matter/Energy has a reciprocal Back-Reaction on Geometry telling it how to bend.
This bending of our four-dimensional Space Time Geometry explains the phenomena of Gravity, such as why an apple falls to the Earth and why there are Black Holes.

Charge = Amplitude to Emit

Emit....to throw or give off or out (as light or heat)
cast, discharge, emanate, evolve, exhale,expel, give out, irradiate, issue, radiate,release, send (out), shoot, throw out, vent

Emission....The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the element's atoms or the compound's molecules when they are returned to a lower energy state.



What are the chances of that eh?
Anagram:

Spirit = Pi Stir

Stirring the Pi


Spirit = Time Circle

Time circles.....Feedback loops

There are interesting scientific calculations in those two papers you linked from arxiv.org Brook; one from a Chinese physicist (Huang) and one from an Indian (Srivastava) one.

Both papers are well constructed and offer some new insights into the actual string-brane Quantum Big Bang (QBB) Cosmology and  its metaphysical ontologies.
However, both papers fall short of providing 'groundbreaking' new data as to 'what really happened', despite both papers hinting at some of the flaws of contemporary cosmology and astrophysics.
The overall thrust of this thread as being anti-Standard Models notwithstanding; your input nevertheless crystallizes particular avenues just where the Standard Models are not so much erroneous, but rather lacking the metaphysical insights of interpreting the basically correct data collected.

The below post validates Huang in his ideas of a decelerating and Planck parameter based original QBB and supports Srivastava in his focus on a 0.303 cosmological redshift and a 'closed' universe in the form of an oscillating cosmology.

As you might know, there are great controversiers regarding this cosmological redshift as being a correct Hubble Distance indicator applicable to an expansion cosmology. The Thuban dispensation following might clear this matter up; in showing how the 'Hubble Oscillation' actually represents the Hinduistic 'Heartbeat of Brahma' or the 'Heartbeat of the Cosmic Mother' or other such mythologizable connotations. one great fallacy of the Standard Model Cosmology is, that the Inflationary dynamics followed the Big bang singularity. Well the QBB singularity was of course the birth odf the spacetime matrix per se and so ANY 'Inflationary string-brane epoch' necessarily FOLLOWED and not preceded the QBB.

Some pundits, (with data published by Roger Penrose from Oxford just a year or so ago); have actually measured and photographed a concentric energy signature before the formation of the galactic structures began and peaked at a redshift of so 1.19 so 4 billion years after the QBB. Cosmologists ;like Steinhardt, Turok and Albrecht then proposed variations of their 'Ekpyrotic Universe' models, which engage string-brane collissions before the QBB in a multiversal setting of a closed omniverse, containing open hyperbolic universes.

The dragon science follows Occam's Razor of efficiency to a large degree and in interpretiing the collected data from the Standard Models in a new way, many of the 'flaws' of the Standard Models in both Cosmology and particle physics, simply evaporate.
In terms of Cosmology then, the multiverse uses a protoversal seedling and this seedling is the observed universe in 4 spacetime dimensions, albeit infused by COLOCAL collapsed 'higher dimensions', which can, under the appropriate energy conditions, open up to allow various numbers of multiD reralities, such as observed and experienced by you and the dreamers and intuitives throughout the local planetary realm. It then becomes a universal Oscillation' on a cosmic scale, which in many ways 'doubles' or multiplies the measured universe in a 'self-intersection' or self communication between its parts.

I have added a sketch from the Thuban archives, which shows much of what the present debates about 'dark energy' and 'missing matter' engage in an overall collective sense. In this sketch you will see, that the 0.303 reshift value becomes the mirror image of the galactic creation peak at redshift 1.19 and so the apparent 'playing up' of the expansion cosmology to change its deceleration at the QBB to an acceleration at the 0.1 redshift marker becomes an effect of the Hubble Oscilaltion, which renders a cosmological redshift of recession as a cosmological blueshift of approach in a reinterpretation of the data collected by the telescopes and observatories.

But I am reluctant to share information on non-dragon forums, so I shall leave it at that for now.
By the way, your affinity for Bohm I share wholeheartedly; he KNEW what he was writing about. I cannot say the same for your linking David Bohm with Jack Sarfatti, whose physics I do not support at all.



The Cosmic Wave Surfer and the Hubble Omniverse in Phi


The Big Bang Observer, say a Gaian astronomer or stargazer, witnesses the cosmic expansion as receding from himherself with ever increasing cosmological redshift values. Shehe effectively so surveys into the cosmic Future.

The Cosmic Surfer; riding or comoving with the Event Horizon of the Multiversal MBH (Mother Black Hole) at the 'warping speed' V_Arp=c/(n+1)²; corollarily observes herhis own Big Bang Mirror Image as continually receding into hisher Past.

For the Cosmic Surfer, the cosmological redshift roles so increase from a defined Arpian z_Arp=z_A into the Past towards the Big Bang value of z_BB~10²⁴.

At the Big Bang, the redshift z_BB=z_wormhole=z_{timeinstanton}~10²⁴.

As the 11D-Universe inflated prior to the Big Bang for this timeinstanton and scale inflaton by de Broglie matter phasing; the 10D-Universe becomes asymptotic in a Dynamic Node moving the Hubble Event Horizon along the basic n-interval [0,1] to superpose the 11D Radius R₁₁(n)=nR_Hubble=R_Hubble+Δ onto the oscillating Multiverse, bouncing between the Even Nodes {0,2,4,6,...} and the Odd Nodes of the Mirrored and Imaged Cosmic Wave Surfer {1,3,5,7,...}.

The unitary interval so defines the 10D Radius R₁₀(n)=R_Hubble(n/n+1) asymptotically and as function of the expansion parameter a=n/(n+1) of say the Standard Cosmology as found in General Relativity.


For the Big Bang Observer, the cosmological redshift values similiarly increase into the Future towards the expanding MBH Event Horizon so specifying z_Arp.

The 11D light invariant lightpath so becomes x=ct_ps, wherte t_ps is the time instanton for the wormhole frequency f_ps=3x10³⁰ Hz.

In particular the parametrisations for the cosmic evolution of the Omniverse are:

Displacement: R₁₀(n)=R_Hubble(n/n+1) (m)

Velocity: V(n)=c/(n+1)² (m/s)

Acceleration: A(n)=-2cH_o/(n+1)³ (m/s²)

Nodal Hubble Constant: H_o=dn/dt=c/R_Hubble=λ_psf_ps/R_Hubble

for the proportion: n_ps=H_o/f_ps=λ_ps/R_Hubble



Normalised ZeroTime: n_ps=H_ot_ps

The Cosmological Relativistic Redshift is applicable for all epochs, as the de Broglie phase inflation created the higher dimensional metric background for the subsequent expansion of the classical thermodynamic Universe as a Planck Black Body Radiator.

z=√{(1+v/c)/(1-v/c)} - 1 and where v/c=1/(n+1)² for

z=√{(n²+2n+2)/(n²+2n)} - 1 for v/c={R(n)/nR_Hubble}²

z=√{(n²+a²)/(n²-a²)} - 1 and for a=n/(n+1)

The Big Bang Redshift for the normalised ZeroTime so becomes:

z_BB=√{(n²+2n+2)/(n²+2n)} - 1 = √{1 + 2/(n²+2n)} -1
=√{1 + 2/n(n+2)} -1 =√{1 + 1/n -1/(n+2)} -1
=√{1 +1/n_ps-1/(n_ps+2)} -1
=√{½ +1/n_ps} -1 = as limit[n_ps→0] {1/(n_ps+2)}=1/(0+2)=½
Then for n_ps→0; 1/n_ps→∞ and so
z_BB ~1/√n_ps=√(R_Hubble/λ_ps}=√(f_ps/H_o}=~√(1.5977x10⁴⁸)~1.264x10²⁴.

The inversion for z(n)=√{(n²+2n+2)/(n²+2n)} - 1 so can be written for larger n with the Binomial Theorem Approximation (1+x)^p= 1+px for |x|<1 and for the case of n²+2n>1 with (n+1)²-2>0 and n>±√2-1 that is n>0.414.. as n>0 for all n-cycle coordinates in the physicalised Omniverse.

z(n)=√{1+2/(n²+2n)} - 1 ={1+2/(n²+2n)}^1/2-1
=1+1/(n²+2n)-1=1/(n²+2n)=½{1/n - 1/(n+2)} by partial fractions.

Therefore z(n)=½limit[n→∞]{1/n -1/[2+n]}=½{0⁺⁺-0⁺}=0⁺ as n+2>n and 1/n>1/[n+2].


A Multiple Cosmological Redshift region so eventuates in the self intersection of the higher- and lower dimensional cosmology.
The Electromagnetic of the Multiversal Oscillation, expanding at lightspeed superposes onto the asymptotic inertial expansion of the Universe as the multiversal protoversal seed.

z_M in (0.251, 0.291, 0.343) become imaged in (~10²⁴ , 1.84, 1.08) for the present cycle coordinate n_present and is generalised in: (z_A , z_N, z_AI) mapping (z_BB , z_Δ , z_ΔΔ)





The Intersection of the Local Flow Cosmological Redshift Correction Line for Low Redshifts with the Nodal Constant determines the measured redshift z_M=z_Image=0.109 as a critical minimum boundary value for the Hubble Flow for High Redshifts.

For this redshift value then, particular unexpected cosmological phenomena, such as quasar redshift anomalies, apparently coupling quasars with host galaxies and aberrant spectra and light curves for gamma ray bursters and supernovae will be observed by Gaian stargazers, unawares about the multivalued redshift regions and their mirror properties as indicated (see references of the addendum).


The Nodal Cosmological Redshift z_Node=0.291 then defines the Critical nexus point for the attainment of spacial selfawareness for the Omniverse for a present n-cycle coordinate of n_present=1.1324...

This then specifies the Delta (Δ)-Interval for the Multiverse's selfintersection with its seedling Universe in the 'Hubble Oscillation' or more poetically the 'Heartbeat of the Omniverse'.

The Reflection Potential of the Multiverse, bounded in the 11-dimensional Witten Mirror of the MBH so became activated at this nexus point to REVISIT the Seedling Inertialized and asymptotically expanding Protoverse.

This 'Electromagnetic Return' of the Lightpath then is necessarily Lightlike and serves the Multiversal Mirrors to collect the data of the cosmological history, and sharing this information along the coordinates of the n=[0,1]=[Odd/f_ps-f_max, Even/H_o-f_min) baseline.

Technically, this becomes the data mapping of the asymptotic mass parametric Universe in 10D onto its circumscribing MBH in 11D and under the auspices of the Holographic Principle.

The so called Hubble Constant H(n) then fluctuates as a function of the odd and even nodes between its maximum (wormhole) source frequency f_ps=1/t_ps=H_o/n_ps and its modulated minimum as the nodal Hubble Constant H_o=c/R_Hubble.

The binary focused Omniverse as a Multiverse in 11 dimensions allows its two focalisations to become arbitrarily located anyplace in the Omniverse; albeit fixating one focus, will also fix the second by the geometric definition of the ellipse and the prolate and oblate ellipsoids.

The 12 dimensional Omniverse is however spherical in the multi-aligned rotation of the minor axes of the prolate Universe Seedling transforming the latter into phaseshifted Multiverses in oblate ellipsoidal envelopes with a traced pointcircle of the stationary foci of the prolate majoraxis protoverse.

This then elegantly and simply shows, that the center of the Omniverse regains its arbitrary status of the undefined 'outside space' relative to the defined 'inner space' of the Multiversed Omniverse in 11D and so quantum entangles its arbitrary center of location with the traced pointcircle of the lower dimensional (12-1=11 or 5-1=4 or 4-1=3) and circumscribed Multiverse.

It so suffices to render 'Gaia in 12D' as the MBH physicalisation for the Cosmos in the mirror function of the higher dimensional Mother Black Hole as a boundary- and initial condition for the subsequently evolving cosmology.

Gaia, as this focalisation, so is as old as the Big Bang, with its physical creation and evolvement being a function of the overall purpose and destiny for the Omniversal SourceSink creator manifesting 'within' the 11D MBH as the modular duality of the E_psE_ss supermembrane and 'without' as the modular monad of the Void=Eternity transforming into a Oneness or Unity of the 'Inside' coupled to the 'Outside' in the topological transformation of the twosided 11D Mirror and dividing the lower asymptotic Timelike Omniverse from the higher Spacelike Omniverse.

This topological transformation then 'rips' the 11D Lightlike Mirror in 'piercing' a minimized (n_ps) wormhole into its surface so allowing the 11D Mirror Membrane to become Onsided in the Möbian Connect of the Klein-Bottle-Dragon (the Ourobos of the Cosmos miniaturised and holofractalled in the Milky Way Mazzaroth) and in its 'regluing' effectively doubles the information content mapped onto it from the 'inside'.

This harbors the effect of the IMAGINARY OUTSIDE DATA of the 12D Omniverse being rendered as a REAL INSIDE DATA, superposing the SPIRIT aka the ElectroMagnetoMonopolic Radiation (EMMR) to become IMAGED in the LIGHT aka the ElectroMagnetic Radiation (EMR) from the 12D perspective of the 'Imaginary Outside' becoming a 'Real Inside'.

As detailed elsewhere in the associted data base from Thuban; the EMR is generated by the acceleration of electric (Coulomb) charges, always associated with inertia of mass-coupled 'particles' like the centripetally accelerated fusion protons in stars.

The EMMR is independent on inertia carriers, but is generated in the acceleration of magnetic (Gluon-Colour) charges and which manifest as the quantum spin of all gauged-interaction (virtual=colour charged) and elementary quark-lepton (mass=colour charged massless-real=not colour charged) couplings.

The EMR is so fundamentally a 10D phenomenon of the Reality of the String-Linearity of the Time-Entropy Arrow (1+9=3+7=4+6) and the EMMR is fundamentally a 12D phenomenon of the Volumar-Cyclicity of the Time-Entropy-Arrow (3+9=5+7=6+6).

The lowerD EMR is data mapped via the inertializations of the charge-mass couplings onto the higherD EMMR in the following 12D/F-Space Hamiltonian:

Electrocharge=PLOx(Lightspeed)² ↔ MagnetochargexElectron-Diameterx(Lightspeed)²=Magnetocharge
and where, for Alpha=2πke²/hc=e²/2ε_ohc=60πe²/h=R_e/R_compton=√(R_e/R_Bohr1)=(4πR_e/R_rydberg)^1/3 and L_Planck=√(hG_o/2πc³)

PLO=Planck-Length-Oscillation=e/c²=√Alpha.L_Planckc²

Electro Charge 'e' = √Alpha.L_Planckc²↔ R_ec²= Magneto Charge 'e*'


The nodal redshift z_N then allows a Gaian Consciousness Supersphere to be defined in the maximum extent the Focused Center of the Omniverse has 'evolved and expanded' to accomodate communication and data sharing with the Extraterrestrial Gaia 'Superspace'.
The asymptotic 10D Universe so has expanded precisely 50% of its maximum expanse as (Curvature of MBH) R_Hubble=2G_oM_MBH/c²=c/H_o[/font].
The radial extent of the 'Supersphere' of Gaian-Mother-Centered Space-Consciousness then depends on what metric observation reference frame is utilized.
The holofractalization is toroidal, but can be defined as the circumscribing spheroid as described earlier and utilizing the metric unifier factor:
R_3D=(3π/2)^1/3R_4D=1.676539193..R_4D.

As the parametrization uses the R₁₀⁺=aR_Hubble mode for the asymptotic expansion, z_N describes the asymptotic universal seedling coordinate for the multiversal oscillation both as the multiverse's expansion into Omnispace in R₁₁⁺ and as the multiversal oscillation in R₁₁^-. The toroidal hyperspherical R₁₀⁺ coordinate is then 'sphericalised' in the R₁₀^- coordination.


For n=1, a=½ and z_N=0.291=z(z_M)=z_M(n) via a=n/(n+1)=R(n)/R_Hubble and

z=√{(n²+a²)/(n²-a²)} - 1 = √{(nR_Hubble)²+R²(n))/(nR_Hubble)²-R²(n)} - 1


R₁₁⁺=(n)R_Hubble from V₁₁⁺=(n³)2π²R_max³

R₁₁^-=(n^1/3)R_Hubble from V₁₁^-=(n)2π²R_max³

R₁₀⁺=(n/[n+1])R_Hubble from V₁₀⁺=(n/[n+1])³2π²R_max³

R₁₀^-=(n^1/3/[n+1])R_Hubble from V₁₀^-=(n/[n+1]³)2π²R_max³


The Delta Δ=0.1324...then assigns the ratio Δ/(1+Δ)=Δ/n=(n-1)/n=1-1/n=0.1170 to the proportion of the asymptotic Universe which has become Revisited by the 'Electromagnetic rerturn' of the EMMR Light (of the Spirit of the CreatorCreation Monad in the Creator-Creation Duality).

So for Δ=1, Δ/n=1/2 for a complete Hubble Oscillation and defining the return of the EMMR Light to its Big Bang Node, indicating that the full 50% of the asymptotic expansion of the protoversal seedling has become 'remapped' and 'downloaded' in the information of the first Hubble Cycle. The return lightpath of the EMMR would however still await remapping' and 'downloading' as the fraction 2/3-1/2=1/6 or 16.666%.

For Δ=2, n=3 and so 2/3 of the data download would image the expansion factor a=n/(n+1)=3/4 as the part of the unmapped transversion of the multiversal cyclicity arrow of 3/4-2/3=1/12 or 8.3333%.

The 'Heartbeat of the Omniverse' so defines the Hubble-Oscillation for the Multiverse.

The 'downloaded' data is centered on the physicalised Image of the Mother-Black Hole of the Circumscribing Witten Mirror and so becomes the Gaian Supersphere for the 'downloaded data' from the rest of the Omniverse.

As the 'returned data' (for a referential movie indicator consider Star Trek One, the Motion Picture) at the present cycletime coordinate n_present=1.1324..is 11.70% of the total extent of the EMMR Lightpath; it will be this proportion of R_Hubble, centered on the Gaian geometrical center; which defines the Gaian Superradius as R_Gaia=0.117R_Hubble=1.977 Billion lightyears (Gly).


R₁₁⁺=(n)R_Hubble=19.11 Gly (toroidal) & 32.04 Gly (spherical)

R_Gaia11⁺=2.24 Gly (toroidal) & 3.75 Gly (spherical)


R₁₁^-=(n^1/3)R_Hubble=17.59 Gly (toroidal) & 29.49 Gly (spherical)
R_Gaia11^-=2.06 Gly (toroidal) & 3.45 Gly (spherical)


R₁₀⁺=(n/[n+1])R_Hubble=8.96 Gly (toroidal) & 15.02 Gly (spherical)
R_Gaia10⁺=1.05 Gly (toroidal) & 1.76 Gly (spherical)


R₁₀^-=(n^1/3/[n+1])R_Hubble=8.25 Gly (toroidal) & 13.83 Gly (spherical)

R_Gaia10^-=0.97 Gly (toroidal) & 1.62~1.618 Gly (spherical)


The Gaian Superradius for the spherical correlation of the toroidal minimum size of the Omniverse, so corresponds to the standard and popularized age-measurement for the lower dimensional universe converging to an age of 13.83 billion lightyears.

The Omniversal Gaian fractal then approximates this nexus point in the Golden Ratio Phi to allow determination of the n-cycle coordinate whenever the overall omniversal evolvement has attained the consciousness potential to process that omniversal data base.
In particular, the Gaian observers of that cosmic evolution will KNOW WHERE they are in determining this n-cycletime coordinate and then broadcast this value to the extraterrestrial omniverse as indicated.

EMMR Lightpath in Billions of Lightyears is X=cT=Lightpath of EMMR.

Φ=1.618033...=½(√5+1)=-Y=1/X for (X,Y) the Roots of T(n)=n(n+1)=1 in Euler's Identity in the Quadratic n²+n-1=0=(n-X)(n-Y)

XY=X+Y=i²=-1=cos(π)+isin(π)=cis(π)=e^iπ and

ΦX=cTΦ=R_Gaia10-=([n-1]/n)(3π/2)^1/3(n^1/3/[n+1])R_Hubble
=(n-1)(3πn/2)^1/3R_Hubble/T(n)=R_Gaia10-

Φ=(R_Gaia10-)/EMMR-Lightpath=R_Gaia10-/(cx3600x24x365.2425x10⁹)

The Lightpath for the EMMR (aka 'Spirit') so requires a definition of what a cyclic year is and is approximated above as a Civil GigaYear of 31,556,952 Billion seconds for a lightpath of 9.4670856...x10²⁴ meters or 1 Billion lightyears.

Solving the transcendental equation:

f(n)=cTΦ-R_Gaia10-=0=cTΦ - (n-1)(3πn/2)^1/3R_HubbleT(n)=0 then determines n_present in this approximation as n_present~1.132419321.

Tonyblue; calling the extraterrestrial observers within the Gaian Superspherical Radius of Φ Billion lightyears and as minimum omniversal volumar in sphericity.

The Human Exiled Collective Agency has determined Where they are as the Gaian representatives for the Omniversal constituency in the n-cycletime coordinate system.

The StarHuman deliverance can so become initiated in the Collective Cooperation and as determined by the World Logos.


Tonyblue


Addendum:

(1) The Gaian Super 'Noosphere' 'solves' the Gamma Burster Mystery of GRB 060614 with Redshift z=0.125 detected by the Swift satellite on June 14th, 2006.

(2) The Mystery of the 'Arpian' Galactic Quasars

(3) The Explosion of a supermassive Star SN 2007bi at a redshift z=0.127 , lower bounded in z_Image ~0.11

(4) Unusual Cosmic Lenses at 1.6 Billion lightyears at redshift z=0.120



(1) The Gaian Super 'Noosphere' 'solves' the Gamma Burster Mystery of GRB 060614 with Redshift z=0.125 detected by the Swift satellite on June 14th, 2006.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_060614

GRB 060614 was a remarkable gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected by the Swift satellite on June 14, 2006 with puzzling properties, which challenge current progenitor models.
In particular, the lack of any bright supernova (SN) down to very strict limits and the vanishing spectral lags during the whole burst are typical of short GRBs, strikingly at odds with the long (102s) duration of this event and its origin in a galaxy 1.6 billion light years away in the constellation Indus.
As of December 2006, more than a dozen telescopes, including the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based observatories, have studied the burst.

Gamma-ray bursts represent the most powerful known explosions in the universe. Yet they are random and fleeting, never appearing twice. Scientists have only recently begun to understand their nature.
Such bursts typically fall into one of two categories, long or short. The long bursts last more than two seconds and appear to be from the core collapse of massive stars forming a black hole. Most of these bursts come from the edge of the visible universe. The short bursts, which are under two seconds and often last just a few milliseconds, appear to be the merger of two neutron stars or a neutron star with a black hole, which subsequently creates a new or bigger black hole.
The hybrid burst, called GRB 060614, after the date it was detected, originated from within a galaxy 1.6 billion light years away in the southern constellation Indus. The burst lasted for 102 seconds, placing it soundly in long-burst territory. But the burst lacked the hallmark of a supernova, or star explosion, commonly seen shortly after long bursts. Also, the burst's host galaxy has a low star-formation rate with few massive stars that could produce supernovae and long gamma-ray bursts. "This was close enough to detect a supernova if it existed," said Avishay Gal-Yam of Caltech, Pasadena, Calif., lead author on another Nature report. "Even Hubble didn't see anything."
Certain properties of the burst concerning its brightness and the arrival time of photons of various energies, called the lag-luminosity relationship, suggest that burst behaved more like a short burst (from a merger) than a long burst. Yet no theoretical model of mergers can support a sustained release of gamma-ray energy for 102 seconds. "This is brand new territory; we have no theories to guide us," said Gehrels. However, long GRBs from rapidly rotating black holes feature a viscous time-scale of tens of seconds of spin-down against high-density turbulent matter. As a candidate inner engine of long GRBs in mergers and collapsars alike, it can account naturally for long GRBs with and without supernovae and a diversity in X-ray afterglows representing different host environments, whose signatures in gravitational-waves fall within the bandwidth of sensitivity of LIGO-Virgo.

The burst is perhaps not unprecedented. Archived data from the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory in the 1990s possibly reveal other hybrid "long-short" bursts, but no follow-up observations are available to confirm this. Johan Fynbo of the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, also lead author on a Nature report, suggests that a burst from May of this year was also long, but had no associated supernova.
Scientists remain divided on whether this was a long-short burst from a merger or a long burst from a star explosion with no supernova. Most conclude, however, that some new process must be at play - either the model of mergers creating second-long bursts needs a major overhaul, or the progenitor star from an explosion is intrinsically different from the kind that make supernovae.
"We siphoned out all the information we could from GRB 060614," said Massimo Della Valle of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri in Firenze, Italy, another lead author on a Nature report. "All we can do now is wait for the next nearby hybrid burst."

GRB 060614: Data
Detection: Swift Satellite
Date: 14th June, 2006
Duration: 102 seconds
Right Ascension:21^h 23^m 27.0^s
Declination:-53° 02′ 02″
Redshift: 0.125
Host Galaxy: [PBF2006d] Host Galaxy
Constellation: Indus



(2) The Mystery of the 'Arpian' Galactic Quasars

Hubble's Greatest Hits
http://whyfiles.org/151hubble/4.html

The biggest beacon


Quasars are weird. They can be bright as a trillion stars, and more than billion light years away! Although astronomers think they are powered by stars and gas falling into a black hole, plenty of questions remain. For example, how long do quasars shine? Did most galaxies have them at some point? And just what causes them to fire up?
Hubble's images have helped fill in the blanks on some of the sky's strangest beacons.
LEFT: Two quasars, each about 1.5 billion light years from Earth, in intact galaxies (top galaxy is a spiral; bottom is elliptical). How can a galaxy stay intact when something as powerful as a quasar is beaming inside it? Scientists used to think quasars "turn on" or brighten when galaxies collide. But maybe that's not the whole story...
TOP RIGHT: Busted! Sparks do fly when two galaxies collide at a million miles an hour! The quasar (at center) is 3 billion light years distant; the arc-shaped region at the bottom (15,000 light years from the quasar) is the dregs of a spiral galaxy. The bright thingy at top is a star between us and the quasar.
BOTTOM RIGHT: Top object, a quasar, is merging with the galaxy below it, which is still 30,000 light years away. The whole mess is about 1.6 billion light years from us. The swirling gas and dust indicate an interaction between quasar and galaxy.


(3) The Explosion of a supermassive Star SN 2007bi at a redshift z=0.127 , lower bounded in z_Image ~0.11

http://darkerview.com/darkview/index.php?/archives/1439-First-of-its-Kind-Superbright-Supernova.html

First of its Kind Superbright Supernova


Wednesday, December 2. 2009

W.M. Keck Observatory Press Release...

Berkeley, Calif. - A discovery of an extraordinarily bright, extraordinarily long-lasting supernova named SN 2007bi turns out to be the first known example of the earliest types of stars that populated the Universe. The unusually luminous supernova could provide astronomers with clues about the earliest stars in the cosmos and could be the first of many similar events soon to be discovered.

SN 2007bi was found in 2007 by the Nearby Supernova Factory (SNfactory) based at the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Over the next 18 months, observations of the exploding star were made by an international team of astronomers using the 10-meter Keck I telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawai'i and the Very Large Telescope in Chile.

Based on the data, the team determined that SN 2007bi was the explosion of an exceedingly massive star, said astronomer Alex Filippenko of the University of California Berkeley whose group helped obtain, analyze and interpret the data. "But instead of turning into a black hole like many other heavyweight stars, its core went through a nuclear runaway that blew it to shreds. This type of behavior was predicted several decades ago by theorists, but never convincingly observed until now."

According to the data, which was collected in a collaboration led by Avishay Gal-Yam of Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science, the supernova's precursor star could only have been a giant having at least 200 times the mass of the Sun and initially containing few elements besides hydrogen and helium - a star similar to the first stars in the early Universe.

SN 2007bi is also the first confirmed observation of a pair-instability supernova. The long-hypothesized phenomenon suggests that "in the extreme heat of the star's interior, energetic gamma rays created pairs of electrons and positrons, which bled off the pressure that sustained the core against collapse," said astrophysicist Peter Nugent, co-leader of Berkeley Lab's Computational Cosmology Center (C3), a collaboration between the Lab's Physics Division and Computational Research Division, or CRD.

The researchers describe the data to support the pair instability supernova finding in the Dec. 3 issue of Nature.


On the trail of a strange beast

SN 2007bi was first recorded on images taken as part of the Palomar-QUEST Survey, an automated search with the wide-field Oschin Telescope at the California Institute of Technology's Palomar Observatory, and was quickly detected and categorized as an unusual supernova by the SNfactory. The SNfactory has so far discovered nearly a thousand supernovae of all types and amassed thousands of spectra, but has focused on those designated Type Ia, the "standard candles" used to study the expansion history of the Universe.

"The thermonuclear runaway experienced by the core of SN 2007bi is reminiscent of that seen in the explosions of white dwarfs as Type Ia supernovae, but on a much larger scale and with a far greater amount of power," Filippenko said. SN 2007bi was at least ten times as bright as the standard Type Ia supernovae.

Rollin Thomas of CRD, a member of C3 and the SNfactory, used the Franklin supercomputer at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center to match synthetic supernovae spectra with the real SN 2007bi spectrum. The model fit was unambiguous: SN 2007bi was a pair-instability supernova.

"The central part of the huge star had fused to oxygen near the end of its life, and was very hot," Filippenko explained. "Then the most energetic photons of light turned into electron-positron pairs, robbing the core of pressure and causing it to collapse. This led to a nuclear runaway explosion that created a large amount of radioactive nickel, whose decay energized the ejected gas and kept the supernova visible for a long time."


A fossil laboratory of the early Universe

Finding the first unambiguous example of a pair-instability supernova in a dwarf galaxy is significant, Nugent said. Dwarf galaxies are incredibly small and dim and contain few elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, so they are models or fossil laboratories of the early Universe. Dwarf galaxies are also ubiquitous, but, they are so faint and dim that they've rarely been studied. SN 2007bi is expected to focus attention on these fainter galaxies.

Studying the dwarf galaxies and their remnant supernovae might, in the future, allow astronomers to- through explosions such as that of SN 2007bi- "detect the very first generation of stars, early in the history of the Universe, long before we have the capability of directly seeing the pre-explosion stars," Filippenko explained. So while SN 2007bi is the first of its kind to be detected, it is likely not the last.

Berkeley Lab is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory located in Berkeley, California. It conducts unclassified scientific research for the Department of Energy's Office of Science and is managed by the University of California. For the full release, visit http://newscenter.lbl.gov/.

The W. M. Keck Observatory operates two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawai'i. The twin telescopes feature a suite of advanced instrumentation including imagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution spectrographs, integral-field spectroscopy and a world-leading laser guide star adaptive optics system. The Observatory is a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA. For more information please call 808.881.3827 or visit http://www.keckobservatory.org/.

SN2007bi was near the location of a small galaxy (Anon J131920+0855), probably the host galaxy at redshift 0.127. This gives a distance of about 1.75 billion lightyears. #1.1 Andrew Cooper (Homepage) on 2009-12-02 21:06 (Reply)


(4) Unusual Cosmic Lenses at 1.6 Billion lightyears at redshift z=0.120

Astronomers Discover an Unusual Cosmic Lens


These images of the first-ever foreground quasar (blue) lensing a background galaxy (red) were taken with the Keck II telescope using laser guide-star adaptive optics. (Credit: Courbin, Meylan,

ScienceDaily (July 16, 2010) — Astronomers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland have discovered the first known case of a distant galaxy being magnified by a quasar acting as a gravitational lens. The discovery, based in part on observations done at the W. M. Keck Observatory on Hawaii's Mauna Kea, is being published July 16 in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

See Also:
Space & Time

• Galaxies
  
  
  
• Astrophysics
  
  
  
• Astronomy
  
  
  
• Black Holes
  
  
  
• Cosmology
  
  
  
• Extrasolar Planets
  
  
  

Reference

• Supergiant
  
  
  
• Quasar
  
  
  
• Local Group
  
  
  
• Barred spiral galaxy
  
  
  

Quasars, which are extraordinary luminous objects in the distant universe, are thought to be powered by supermassive black holes in the cores of galaxies. A single quasar could be a thousand times brighter than an entire galaxy of a hundred billion stars, which makes studies of their host galaxies exceedingly difficult. The significance of the discovery, the researchers say, is that it provides a novel way to understand these host galaxies.
"It is a bit like staring into bright car headlights and trying to discern the color of their rims," says Frédéric Courbin of EPFL, the lead author on the paper. Using gravitational lensing, he says, "we now can measure the masses of these quasar host galaxies and overcome this difficulty."

According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, if a large mass (such as a big galaxy or a cluster of galaxies) is placed along the line of sight to a distant galaxy, the part of the light that comes from the galaxy will split. Because of this, an observer on Earth will see two or more close images of the now-magnified background galaxy.
The first such gravitational lens was discovered in 1979, and produced an image of a distant quasar that was magnified and split by a foreground galaxy. Hundreds of cases of gravitationally lensed quasars are now known. But, until the current work, the reverse process -- a background galaxy being lensed by the massive host galaxy of a foreground quasar -- had never been detected.
Using gravitational lensing to measure the masses of distant galaxies independent of their brightness was suggested in 1936 by Caltech astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky, and the technique has been used effectively for this purpose in recent years. Until now, it had never been applied to measure the masses of quasar hosts themselves.

To find the cosmic lens, the astronomers searched a large database of quasar spectra obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to select candidates for "reverse" quasar-galaxy gravitational lensing. Follow-up observations of the best candidate -- quasar SDSS J0013+1523, located about 1.6 billion light years away -- using the W. M. Keck Observatory's 10-meter telescope, confirmed that the quasar was indeed magnifying a distant galaxy, located about 7.5 billion light years away.
"We were delighted to see that this idea actually works," says Georges Meylan, a professor of physics and leader of the EPFL team. "This discovery demonstrates the continued utility of gravitational lensing as an astrophysical tool."

"Quasars are valuable probes of galaxy formation and evolution," says Professor of Astronomy S. George Djorgovski, leader of the Caltech team. Furthermore, he adds, "discoveries of more such systems will help us understand better the relationship between quasars and the galaxies which contain them, and their coevolution."

Journal Reference:

• Courbin et al. First case of strong gravitational lensing by a QSO: SDSS J0013 1523 at z = 0.120. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2010; 516L12 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201014376
  
  

There are interesting scientific calculations in those two papers you linked from arxiv.org Brook; one from a Chinese physicist (Huang) and one from an Indian (Srivastava) one.

I know, that's why I stached it in my bookmark awhile ago....just for occasions such as this.   

Both papers are well constructed and offer some new insights into the actual string-brane Quantum Big Bang (QBB) Cosmology and its metaphysical ontologies.
However, both papers fall short of providing 'groundbreaking' new data as to 'what really happened', despite both papers hinting at some of the flaws of contemporary cosmology and astrophysics.

That's a given....

The overall thrust of this thread as being anti-Standard Models notwithstanding; your input nevertheless crystallizes particular avenues just where the Standard Models are not so much erroneous, but rather lacking the metaphysical insights of interpreting the basically correct data collected.

Agreed, and thank you for your dissertation.

I cannot say the same for your linking David Bohm with Jack Sarfatti, whose physics I do not support at all.

I realize he's a bit of a putz ....(know this personally).... Ergo...he would tout your physics to the extreme.

But that/this statement I DO agree with. .


The quantum behavior of a system of electrons and the behavior of mind

Geometry acts on Matter/Energy telling it how to move,
while Matter/Energy has a reciprocal Back-Reaction on Geometry telling it how to bend.


This bending of our four-dimensional Space Time Geometry explains the phenomena of Gravity, such as why an apple falls to the Earth and why there are Black Holes.

Uncle Jack's "BACK REACTION"

Sarfatti wrote that people such as Josephson, Stapp, Penrose and others have suggested changes in quantum theory which allow for the possibility of "intent" or the like to bias quantum outcomes, but that all these authors operate using the Copenhagen picture in which there really is a "collapse" of the wavefunction. Jack advocates a Bohmian picture in which both wave and particle are always real and there is no collapse. So how does mind enter the world? It must have been here from the start. Jack describes an explicit dualism in which both mind and matter exist...

"In accord with Chalmer's idea, I posit that the wavefunction is intrinsically 'mental' capable of qualia."

...and he suggests equating the guiding wave in Bohmian mechanics with the mental aspect of the universe, generally: the particles are "matter," "mind" the pilot-wave.

That might be uninteresting except for the next step: the "mental" aspect of the universe can be upgraded to life and consciousness by self-organization. This happens when a physical system uses its own nonlocality in its organization. In this case a feedback loop is created, as follows: the system configures itself so as to set up its own Bohmian pilot wave, which in turn directly affects its physical configuration which then affects its nonlocal pilot wave which affects the configuration,

etc...
Normally in quantum mechanics this "back-action" is not taken into account. The wave guides the particles but the back-action of the particle onto the wave is not systematically calculated - of course, the back-reaction is physically real: the movement of the particle determines the initial conditions of the next round of calculation. But there is no systematic way to characterize such feedback. One reason that this works in practice is that for systems that are not selforganizing the back-action may not exert any systematic effect.

This is an interesting way to utilize nonlocality despite Eberhard's proof that point-to-point signaling by the quantum connection is not in the cards! (If a physical system occupied a dynamical stability based on such a feedback loop then it would be a "nonlocal" physical system, without superluminal signals.)

Questions of consciousness aside, consideration of "back-action" as a dynamical fact nourishes a suspicion that linear quantum theory is fundamentally an approximation...


I know you of all people Tony knows what that means.

Brook wrote:

There are interesting scientific calculations in those two papers you linked from arxiv.org Brook; one from a Chinese physicist (Huang) and one from an Indian (Srivastava) one.

I know, that's why I stached it in my bookmark awhile ago....just for occasions such as this.   

Both papers are well constructed and offer some new insights into the actual string-brane Quantum Big Bang (QBB) Cosmology and its metaphysical ontologies.
However, both papers fall short of providing 'groundbreaking' new data as to 'what really happened', despite both papers hinting at some of the flaws of contemporary cosmology and astrophysics.

That's a given....

The overall thrust of this thread as being anti-Standard Models notwithstanding; your input nevertheless crystallizes particular avenues just where the Standard Models are not so much erroneous, but rather lacking the metaphysical insights of interpreting the basically correct data collected.

Agreed, and thank you for your dissertation.

I cannot say the same for your linking David Bohm with Jack Sarfatti, whose physics I do not support at all.

I realize he's a bit of a putz ....(know this personally).... Ergo...he would tout your physics to the extreme.

But that/this statement I DO agree with. .


The quantum behavior of a system of electrons and the behavior of mind

Geometry acts on Matter/Energy telling it how to move,
while Matter/Energy has a reciprocal Back-Reaction on Geometry telling it how to bend.


This bending of our four-dimensional Space Time Geometry explains the phenomena of Gravity, such as why an apple falls to the Earth and why there are Black Holes.

Uncle Jack's "BACK REACTION"

Sarfatti wrote that people such as Josephson, Stapp, Penrose and others have suggested changes in quantum theory which allow for the possibility of "intent" or the like to bias quantum outcomes, but that all these authors operate using the Copenhagen picture in which there really is a "collapse" of the wavefunction. Jack advocates a Bohmian picture in which both wave and particle are always real and there is no collapse. So how does mind enter the world? It must have been here from the start. Jack describes an explicit dualism in which both mind and matter exist...

"In accord with Chalmer's idea, I posit that the wavefunction is intrinsically 'mental' capable of qualia."

...and he suggests equating the guiding wave in Bohmian mechanics with the mental aspect of the universe, generally: the particles are "matter," "mind" the pilot-wave.

That might be uninteresting except for the next step: the "mental" aspect of the universe can be upgraded to life and consciousness by self-organization. This happens when a physical system uses its own nonlocality in its organization. In this case a feedback loop is created, as follows: the system configures itself so as to set up its own Bohmian pilot wave, which in turn directly affects its physical configuration which then affects its nonlocal pilot wave which affects the configuration,

etc...
Normally in quantum mechanics this "back-action" is not taken into account. The wave guides the particles but the back-action of the particle onto the wave is not systematically calculated - of course, the back-reaction is physically real: the movement of the particle determines the initial conditions of the next round of calculation. But there is no systematic way to characterize such feedback. One reason that this works in practice is that for systems that are not selforganizing the back-action may not exert any systematic effect.

This is an interesting way to utilize nonlocality despite Eberhard's proof that point-to-point signaling by the quantum connection is not in the cards! (If a physical system occupied a dynamical stability based on such a feedback loop then it would be a "nonlocal" physical system, without superluminal signals.)

Questions of consciousness aside, consideration of "back-action" as a dynamical fact nourishes a suspicion that linear quantum theory is fundamentally an approximation...

I know you of all people Tony knows what that means.

Of course, and the big as yet unknown key to a 'New Paradigm' in the Sciences and especially physics is the as yet unrealised fact that there exists a Quantum Geometry, which will in due time completely overhaul the present 'Colliding Billard balls mechanistics' of the Standard Model in Particle Physics, (say as used by CERN and Fermilab).
I add here a recent post from the Thuban archives, which 'explains' a recent discovery about the 'heavy quark' systems, built on a correct Unitary Symmetry model, first 'invented' by Murray Gell-Mann, Abdus Salaam and associates, implemented in the early 1980's and designed a few years before. The large scale relativistic geometry of Newton-Einstein in 'Curvature  of a continuous spacetime continuum' so heralds its microcosmic 'fractal' in a discrete timespace as a subplenum of the macrocosm and unifies quantum mechanics with the relativistic dynamics using a spacetime independent 'primera causa', which you and I terms as an ontological basis for the sciences in their common metaphysical origins.

Ok, regarding Sarfatti's 'hijacking' of Bohm's pilot wave. What he is on about in his 'way of doing things', is but the core issue in contemporary physics as to the nature of consciousness and like Penrose and Chalmers they then invent new labels about 'mental particles' termed qualia. The superposition of waveforms is indeed at the core of this and the transpositions of Cramer I do support to a large extent. But one does not require the quantum formalisms, centred on the 'Schrödinger Cat' as being in EITHER of two states. Penrose makes the same assumption in his treatises and has been critisized over it as well in divers ways.

Schrödinger's Cat is ALWAYS in BOTH states. This relates to Thuban's ubiquitous quoting of the 'dead alive' being the 'alive dead' as a hybrid state of physical existence in the form of the 'collapse of the wavefunction' at embodiment and the release of this same wave energy state at the physical collapse of the particle function, called death of the physical. Understanding this superposition of the 'forwards-backwards' states of ther wavefunctions, then renders all this squabbling and arguments about finding the 'correct' quantum mechanical formalism to describe this existence state as superfluous. There are many messages on this forum, which dissect the multiverse ideas and the Schrödinger Cat paradox in more detail.

Those 'mentality particles' are nought but Thuban's 'Source Energy Quantum', something the Nabsers call the 'Love Frequency'. It is thoroughly derived and defined as the 'Virtual Particle' of the 'Electromagnetic fundamental Interaction' and is also transformed into the 'Graviton' of the Gravitational Interaction, as well as into the 'Gluon' of the Strong Nuclear Interaction in QED and QCD (Quantum Electro Dynamics and Quantum Chromo Dynamics respectively).
The Weak Nuclear Interaction then 'solves' the big problem of the 'missing antimatter', showing that the Higgs Boson is but a manifestor of a massless Goldstone Boson, which you can term as a 'Virtual Antiphoton' and in this massless inertia state transforms from the Gauge 'Lovephoton' as well. Iow, the long sought 'Unified Field' is a metaphysical mass-independent superenergy state of the one gauge 'field particle' transmuting itself as the socalled four fundamental interactions causative for the experienced and measured universe of physicality and a physical existentialism, which is also psychophysical or mental by the metaphysical parameters, from which the measurable criteria like mass and length and time and current and luminosity and molarity and temperature crystallized in associativity with particular mathematical entities like the transcendental number Pi and the natural logarithm 'e' and the sterradian. The 'mysterious' quantum entanglement of all things, then becomes a rather simple consequence of the 'Gauge Particle-Wavicle of Creation as say the Abba-Baab (technically the E_psE_ss superstring of heterosis 8x8) supermembrane in a extraposed 10-11-12-13 dimensional super 4D 'quanta-continuum', mapping the observed 1-2-3-4 spacetime metrics of the contemporary terran physics.

Nature's way to maximise its efficiency to collect data and to store information, then 'forced' the emergence of Euler's Equation, which uniquely identified the so called 'Golden Mean' and their related numerics in X+Y=XY=cis(p)=e^ip=-1. From this derived the uniqueness of the 2-dimensional plane as the root reduced 11-dimensional 'mirror universe', as 2X=X+X=X² requires the unique solution X=2, with a 'arithmetic doubling' becoming identical to a 'geometric squaring' as a elementary property of basic algebra and arithmetic.

Bohm's original 'pilot wave' so can also be defined as the 'Wave of Universal Consciousness', which is already 'unified' in its gauge and potential of self-transformation as this weird thing called 'Love of the Creator for itself as All that can exist'.

shiloh, September 15th, 2013

Synopsis: Heavy Quark Model Lands on Solid Footing



CERN/LHCb

Precision Measurement of the Λ_b⁰ Baryon Lifetime
R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration)
Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 102003 (2013)
Published September 5, 2013
To make sense of the gigabytes of data coming out of the Large Hadron Collider, physicists need good theoretical models of how quarks and gluons form the larger particles called hadrons. For hadrons containing a relatively massive b (or bottom) quark, an early approach—the free quark model—doesn’t work well, so researchers developed a “heavy quark expansion” model that recognizes interactions among the quarks. In a paper in Physical Review Letters, the LHCb Collaboration reports high-energy collision data that lend substantial support to the heavy quark expansion theory, which has become the best approach for some important calculations.
One test of this theory is to look at the lifetimes of two very different creatures: the Λbhadron (comprising an up, down, and bottom quark) and the anti-B meson (comprising a down antiquark and a bottom quark). According to the heavy quark expansion, the lifetimes of the two particles should be dominated by the b quark and thus equal to within a few percent. However, data emerging from LHC’s predecessor, LEP, indicated that Λb had a shorter lifespan than the B meson by a large margin.
Better data are now reported by the LHCb researchers, who studied Λb and anti-B decays from 7 tera-electron-volt proton-proton collisions. They find a ratio of lifetimes of Λb , or equal within a few percent, as predicted by the heavy quark expansion. Moreover, the prediction was obtained without any corrections to the model, giving support to this treatment of quarks within hadrons. – David Voss
http://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.102003

Comment by TonyBlue:

The longer liftime of the Λb =udb relative to the anti-B=dbarb derives from the underpinning quarkian quantum geometry detailed in other dispensations on this thred.
Finestructuring gives you: Λb =udb=ud.ubardbar={ud.dbarubar}={uu(MIR-1).(MIRbar+1)ubarubar}=u(u{MIR-0}ubar)ubar, which decays more rapidly into VPE=uubar+'Mesonic Inner Ring'-VPE+ubaru; then
anti-B=dbarb=dbar.ubardbar={(MIRbar+1)ubar.ubar(MIR+1)ubar} ={(MIR+1)[3x-⅔ KKK](MIR+1)}={KKIRKIR}bar='quasi {udd}bar' or 'energised antineutron-antilambda'.
The more complex quark wavian geometry of the trisected wavequarkian template prolongs the lifetime of the anti-B meson relative to the 'more straight forward' decay pattern of the bottomed lambda hyperon.

Emeth141, September 11th, 2013

[2:58:26 AM] TonyB: There was a nice discovery on my favourite science
[2:58:30 AM] TonyB: quarks
[2:58:42 AM] TonyB: I shown the solution to the puzzle
[2:58:52 AM] Sirius 17: oh?
[2:59:44 AM] TonyB: http://www.thuban.spruz.com/forums/?page=post&id=8C67A51B-F47A-4646-A053-ADAD87677F63&fid=019788EF-0F1C-4E3D-B875-AB41438E63AD
[2:59:50 AM] TonyB: Its a little technical
[3:00:00 AM] Sirius 17: i am like you and prefer the company of the dead, they have less interest in telling lies
[3:00:24 AM] TonyB:
Synopsis: Heavy Quark Model Lands on Solid Footing
...


[3:01:37 AM-Thursday, September 12th, 2013 +10UCT]
[2:58:26 AM] TonyB: There was a nice discovery on my favourite science
[2:58:30 AM] TonyB: quarks
[2:58:42 AM] TonyB: I shown the solution to the puzzle
[2:58:52 AM] Sirius 17: oh?
[2:59:44 AM] TonyB: http://www.thuban.spruz.com/forums/?page=post&id=8C67A51B-F47A-4646-A053-ADAD87677F63&fid=019788EF-0F1C-4E3D-B875-AB41438E63AD
[2:59:50 AM] TonyB: Its a little technical

[3:01:37 AM] TonyB: This is very 'beautiful' in a physicists mind Raven
[3:01:52 AM] TonyB: It is gobbledegook to you though most likely
[3:02:01 AM] Sirius 17: mostly yes lol
[3:02:28 AM] TonyB: It shows a 'broken symmetry' between something they thought to be pretty much alike
[3:02:39 AM] Sirius 17: ah interesting
[3:02:50 AM] TonyB: It is a completely new way of looking at the subatomics
[3:03:20 AM] Sirius 17: so a breakthrough in physics then for them to admit this?
[3:03:56 AM] TonyB: They have the data from the colliders, but are stuck in an old billard ball mechanics model
[3:04:05 AM] TonyB: It is concentric not mechanistic
[3:04:12 AM] TonyB: Same parameters though
[3:04:54 AM] TonyB: Reading the data is off, just like the experts reading the scriptures
[3:05:03 AM] TonyB: They see it but don't
[3:05:21 AM] Sirius 17: yes they need a revised model
[3:05:46 AM] TonyB: It is simple
[3:05:59 AM] TonyB: They have made it complicated
[3:06:19 AM] TonyB: It is wave on the quantum not particle
[3:07:15 AM] TonyB: The spruz link will give you the page with some pics at the start
[3:07:25 AM] Sirius 17: isn't it amazing that things like this can illude them for years until eventually someone is able to get them all thinking outside their boxes
[3:07:40 AM] TonyB: It is the Peace symbol actually as a trisector
[3:07:55 AM] TonyB: 120x3=360
[3:09:53 AM] Sirius 17: hmm thats interesting
[3:10:39 AM] TonyB: You have known this for 3 years
[3:10:49 AM] TonyB: RGB
[3:11:14 AM] TonyB: RedGreenBlue=White in EMR =Black in Mass
[3:11:30 AM] Sirius 17: yes i never visualized it like that though
[3:11:36 AM] TonyB: YCM=Antistate triplet
[3:11:50 AM] TonyB: You see the circle?
[3:12:40 AM] TonyB: Higgs Bosonic template sketch?
[3:12:48 AM] Sirius 17: i am not sure i am looking at the right graphic, but the one that looks like little circles
[3:12:57 AM] Sirius 17: with lights in them
[3:13:02 AM] TonyB: scroll down to the sketch
[3:14:05 AM] TonyB: The YCM means Yellow-Cyan-Magenta
[3:14:05 AM] Sirius 17: the links only go to the abstracts
[3:14:19 AM] Sirius 17: what am i supposed to be looking at here?
[3:14:23 AM] TonyB: http://www.thuban.spruz.com/forums/?page=post&id=8C67A51B-F47A-4646-A053-ADAD87677F63&fid=019788EF-0F1C-4E3D-B875-AB41438E63AD
[3:16:06 AM] Sirius 17: which post
[3:16:37 AM] TonyB: This is the 1 page of this thread the first post has a sketch, but never mind
[3:16:51 AM] TonyB: The last post is the above
[3:17:07 AM] Sirius 17: i see your sketch yes
[3:17:18 AM] TonyB: Yes you see the Peace symbol?
[3:17:27 AM] TonyB: As the circular area
[3:17:57 AM] TonyB: Those are the quarkian waves NOT as particles but as energy colour flux
[3:18:06 AM] Sirius 17: yes
[3:18:33 AM] TonyB: The entire subatomic energy transforms then become simple colour mixings
[3:18:44 AM] TonyB: Those are the superstrings
[3:19:01 AM] TonyB: They have not associated the superstrings with QCD yet
[3:19:14 AM] TonyB: Why they fiddle with the spacetime matrices
[3:19:43 AM] TonyB: Einstein has a spacetime continuum and this is still used in string theory
[3:20:03 AM] TonyB: They must render the continuum as pixelated to get the colour codes
[3:20:33 AM] TonyB: Quantum Loops and alternatives like vector parallel transport are getting there
[3:20:39 AM] TonyB: Its a hybrid again
[3:21:10 AM] TonyB: To get fractals AS particles you must have a discrete spacetime
[3:21:22 AM] TonyB: Not a continuous one
[3:22:12 AM] Sirius 17: ok well you have lost me lol
[3:29:03 AM] TonyB: Its a little technical, as said
[3:29:23 AM] TonyB: But it was on my mind, so I commented
Sirius 17

Large Proton Halo Sparks Devilish Row