Debris trail from unseen comet’s orbit indicates it may pose potential danger to Earth
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32 posters
What's Coming Our Way
Carol- Admin
- Posts : 32966
Join date : 2010-04-07
Location : Hawaii
- Post n°401
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Debris trail from unseen comet’s orbit indicates it may pose potential danger to Earth
_________________
What is life?
It is the flash of a firefly in the night, the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset.
With deepest respect ~ Aloha & Mahalo, Carol
Carol- Admin
- Posts : 32966
Join date : 2010-04-07
Location : Hawaii
- Post n°402
Re: What's Coming Our Way
New found comet will make an appearance in 2013
We are entering a denser region of space with more debris. Comet and asteroid dangers, as can be seen from the increasing number of comets grazing the Sun, will precipitously rise.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110622-new-comet-found-2013-visible-space-science/?source=email_inside
_________________
What is life?
It is the flash of a firefly in the night, the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset.
With deepest respect ~ Aloha & Mahalo, Carol
mudra- Posts : 23312
Join date : 2010-04-09
Age : 70
Location : belgium
- Post n°403
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Keith Hunter :Nibiru - The evidence critically considered for its existence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzr-xSFuEck
Keith Hunter's website : www.ancient-world-mysteries.com
Absolutely brilliant .
In order to really follow him you may want to listen to the video of Santos Bonacci " Know thyself " that I posted on the Elenin thread and the Shaman Healers one " first. Both researchs tie in perfectly with one another .
Love Always
mudra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzr-xSFuEck
Keith Hunter's website : www.ancient-world-mysteries.com
Absolutely brilliant .
In order to really follow him you may want to listen to the video of Santos Bonacci " Know thyself " that I posted on the Elenin thread and the Shaman Healers one " first. Both researchs tie in perfectly with one another .
Love Always
mudra
lawlessline- Posts : 699
Join date : 2010-04-23
Age : 51
- Post n°404
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Anyone know anything more on this Orion Nebula becoming second sun or at least as bright as the moon?
mudra- Posts : 23312
Join date : 2010-04-09
Age : 70
Location : belgium
- Post n°405
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Micjer- Posts : 1684
Join date : 2010-04-29
Location : Canada
- Post n°406
Re: What's Coming Our Way
http://video.foxnews.com/v/1187493136001/how-dangerous-are-solar-flares/?playlist_id=87485
How Dangerous Are Solar Flares?
We just narrowly missed being hit with solar storm on weekend. More on the way?
How Dangerous Are Solar Flares?
We just narrowly missed being hit with solar storm on weekend. More on the way?
Carol- Admin
- Posts : 32966
Join date : 2010-04-07
Location : Hawaii
- Post n°407
Re: What's Coming Our Way
It depends Micjer.
They affect satellites
super charge the northern lights
create more ionization in the atmosphere which has an effect on radio transmissions and communications - cause electrical outages. A 1989 solar flare knocked out the electrical systems in Quebec, Canada. They can burn down stations
there are a health issue for sensitives, astronauts and pilots
can cause havoc with the earths mgnetic field
they affect the climate and can create a geomagnetic storm
According to the space agency: "The biggest flares are known as "X-class flares" based on a classification system that divides solar flares according to their strength. The smallest ones are A-class (near background levels), followed by B, C, M and X. Similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes, each letter represents a 10-fold increase in energy output. So an X is ten times an M and 100 times a C. Within each letter class there is a finer scale from 1 to 9. C-class and smaller flares are too weak to noticeably affect Earth. M-class flares can cause brief radio blackouts at the poles and minor radiation storms that might endanger astronauts."
http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/78780
They affect satellites
super charge the northern lights
create more ionization in the atmosphere which has an effect on radio transmissions and communications - cause electrical outages. A 1989 solar flare knocked out the electrical systems in Quebec, Canada. They can burn down stations
there are a health issue for sensitives, astronauts and pilots
can cause havoc with the earths mgnetic field
they affect the climate and can create a geomagnetic storm
According to the space agency: "The biggest flares are known as "X-class flares" based on a classification system that divides solar flares according to their strength. The smallest ones are A-class (near background levels), followed by B, C, M and X. Similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes, each letter represents a 10-fold increase in energy output. So an X is ten times an M and 100 times a C. Within each letter class there is a finer scale from 1 to 9. C-class and smaller flares are too weak to noticeably affect Earth. M-class flares can cause brief radio blackouts at the poles and minor radiation storms that might endanger astronauts."
http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/78780
_________________
What is life?
It is the flash of a firefly in the night, the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset.
With deepest respect ~ Aloha & Mahalo, Carol
enemyofNWO- Posts : 1471
Join date : 2010-04-10
Location : Trieste ,Italy
- Post n°408
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Micjer wrote:http://video.foxnews.com/v/1187493136001/how-dangerous-are-solar-flares/?playlist_id=87485
How Dangerous Are Solar Flares?
We just narrowly missed being hit with solar storm on weekend. More on the way?
Carrington effect
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/06may_carringtonflare/
Micjer- Posts : 1684
Join date : 2010-04-29
Location : Canada
- Post n°409
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Time to prepare?
Carol- Admin
- Posts : 32966
Join date : 2010-04-07
Location : Hawaii
- Post n°410
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Just leave the laptop, cell phone, batteries, hand held battery/solar radio scanner and walkie talkies in the microwave Micjer. They make great faraday containers. We pick discarded ones at the dump and recycle to protect electronics. Of course there may be no working cell phone towers or satellites in orbit but at least we are doing our own small bit to preserve technology.
Excellent video by the way. I think I'll head off to Home Depot tomorrow and get some of those garbage cans.
Here is the other link he talked about.
http://EMPBags.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27iok2dQaAg&feature=player_embedded
Links https://www.youtube.com/user/LDSPrepper - I wish this guy was my next door neighbor.EMP Bags protect your electronic devices from an EMP attack. An EMP attack can be a natural or man made event that will destroy electronic equipment. With Tech Protect Bags, you can have all of your electronic equipment stay protected from such an event. To learn more, please visit http://www.techprotectbag.com
10% discount Code: TECH10
Excellent video by the way. I think I'll head off to Home Depot tomorrow and get some of those garbage cans.
Here is the other link he talked about.
http://EMPBags.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27iok2dQaAg&feature=player_embedded
Links https://www.youtube.com/user/LDSPrepper - I wish this guy was my next door neighbor.
10% discount Code: TECH10
Last edited by Carol on Thu Sep 29, 2011 12:42 pm; edited 1 time in total
_________________
What is life?
It is the flash of a firefly in the night, the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset.
With deepest respect ~ Aloha & Mahalo, Carol
Micjer- Posts : 1684
Join date : 2010-04-29
Location : Canada
- Post n°411
Re: What's Coming Our Way
I did not know that Carol. Thanks for the tip.
Carol- Admin
- Posts : 32966
Join date : 2010-04-07
Location : Hawaii
- Post n°412
Re: What's Coming Our Way
You're welcome. I just purchased a couple sets of the EMP bags. Now I'll just have to make up a faraday cage for the solar panels, etc.
By the way.. the radio is Midland Handheld GMRS Radio - Pair, 36-Mile Range, Waterproof, Model# GXT1000VP4
which I purchased via Amazon.com. One of these days I really have to buy stock in that company.
By the way.. the radio is Midland Handheld GMRS Radio - Pair, 36-Mile Range, Waterproof, Model# GXT1000VP4
which I purchased via Amazon.com. One of these days I really have to buy stock in that company.
_________________
What is life?
It is the flash of a firefly in the night, the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset.
With deepest respect ~ Aloha & Mahalo, Carol
Jenetta- Posts : 1978
Join date : 2010-04-16
Location : British Columbia Canada
- Post n°413
Re: Whats Coming Our Way
Micjer wrote:Time to prepare?
What a Guber Rang-A-Tang that amiable neighbour is clipping his lawn while that poor guy is trying to do his video...it takes all kinds to populate the Earth...and a lot of patience
_____________________________________
As Above So Below
Carol- Admin
- Posts : 32966
Join date : 2010-04-07
Location : Hawaii
- Post n°414
Re: What's Coming Our Way
I thought the same thing Jenetta but he may have been filming behind his fenced in backyard so the neighbor didn't see him.
Love what he has designed. I had been trying to figure out how to protect the solar panels and this will work great.
Love what he has designed. I had been trying to figure out how to protect the solar panels and this will work great.
_________________
What is life?
It is the flash of a firefly in the night, the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset.
With deepest respect ~ Aloha & Mahalo, Carol
Micjer- Posts : 1684
Join date : 2010-04-29
Location : Canada
- Post n°415
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Hope the neighbour builds a faraday cage to house his grass clipper. Heaven forbid he have a messy yard after a solar storm. Very annoying indeed.
Carol- Admin
- Posts : 32966
Join date : 2010-04-07
Location : Hawaii
- Post n°416
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Just an extra tip for folks in small spaces. I once saw how someone arranged their storage all under a bed. The bed was lifted up onto a 3/4 inch of plywood with 5 gallon food storage containers around the outside edges and a water bladder in the middle. A bed skirt hid the containers and the plywood was trimmed at the corners to follow the contour of the bed.
Something link the garbage container can be used to go under a handmade 3-legged round top table with a drop to the floor tablecloth to hide what it is. This is apartment type storage in small spaces that works pretty good.
Something link the garbage container can be used to go under a handmade 3-legged round top table with a drop to the floor tablecloth to hide what it is. This is apartment type storage in small spaces that works pretty good.
_________________
What is life?
It is the flash of a firefly in the night, the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset.
With deepest respect ~ Aloha & Mahalo, Carol
mudra- Posts : 23312
Join date : 2010-04-09
Age : 70
Location : belgium
- Post n°417
Re: What's Coming Our Way
CNN: A Massive Brown Dwarf Star Hurling Through Our System
Sun, 02 Oct 2011 15:19 CDT
http://www.sott.net/articles/show/235765-CNN-A-Massive-Brown-Dwarf-Star-Hurling-Through-Our-System
CNN has now openly admitted a massive brown dwarf star 4 times the size of Jupiter is in our solar system.
CNN says;
"There is a huge hidden heavenly body right here in our solar system."
This information does co-inside with our sources except for the distance - according to our sources which is much closer in the direction of Aquarius.
CNN Reports Massive Planet Hurling METEORS to Earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6EUFOnyinc
Comment: SOTT finds this report to be a little iffy, but we are carrying it for research purposes. If any readers find scientific articles relating to this topic, please forward them to us.
Love Always
mudra
Sun, 02 Oct 2011 15:19 CDT
http://www.sott.net/articles/show/235765-CNN-A-Massive-Brown-Dwarf-Star-Hurling-Through-Our-System
CNN has now openly admitted a massive brown dwarf star 4 times the size of Jupiter is in our solar system.
CNN says;
"There is a huge hidden heavenly body right here in our solar system."
This information does co-inside with our sources except for the distance - according to our sources which is much closer in the direction of Aquarius.
CNN Reports Massive Planet Hurling METEORS to Earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6EUFOnyinc
Comment: SOTT finds this report to be a little iffy, but we are carrying it for research purposes. If any readers find scientific articles relating to this topic, please forward them to us.
Love Always
mudra
mudra- Posts : 23312
Join date : 2010-04-09
Age : 70
Location : belgium
- Post n°418
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Spanish Astronomers Claim Dwarf Sun Beyond Pluto
by Gary Vey for viewzone
The idea of a new planet being discovered in our Solar System is pretty exciting. Even more so because of the many theories about "planet-x" or "Nibiru" being associated with space aliens and the doomsday prophecies of 2012.
Scientists at places like NASA and famous observatories have deflected inquiries about the discovery for a few years now, mainly because they feared being associated with these "fringe" theories. But like it or not -- it has happened. Well... according to a team of Spanish artronomers who call themselves the StarViewer Team.
The group made the rounds of all the news web sites in the past two weeks, claiming they discovered something very significant. It's almost twice the size of Jupiter and just beyond our furthest planetoid, Pluto. Although it's not a planet, it appears to have planets or large satellites encircling it. It's what astronomers call a "brown dwarf star" and its official name is "G1.9".
What's a Brown Dwarf Star?
First we'll explain WHAT these astronomers have discovered. Then we'll discuss HOW they discovered it.
At the risk of being scientifically vague, I'll try to explain the current understanding of how stars and planets form in space.
All matter attracts other matter. A larger mass will attract smaller masses towards it. In space this results in growing clouds of matter that tend to clump together and attract more matter. Since most of the matter in space is gaseous, these clouds eventually get so dense that they collapse into dense gaseous spheres. When they do this there is usually some "left over" matter that forms a ring around the sphere.
If there is enough matter in a sphere of hydrogen, for example, it can cause so much compression at the shpere's core that the hydrogen atoms begin to fuse together and a fusion-reaction ignites a new born star. In this reaction two hydrogen atoms join together to form one helium atom and release extra energy as radiation.
Scientists believe that the minimum mass needed to ignite a sun is about 13 times the known mass of the planet Jupiter -- written as "13MJ." If the mass is lower than this, the pressure in the core is not enough to ignite and the sphere will be hot ball of gas called a "brown dwarf."
As a new star spins, the disk surrounding it gradually cools and the matter forms heavier elements like metals and minerals. These "rocks" eventually clump together and form solid spheres called planets.
Sometimes a solid sphere will attract some of the gas that is in the disk and this will result in a gaseous giant, like Jupiter and Saturn, which has a solid core but a thick gaseous atmosphere. These "gas giant" planets can be very massive but, because of their solid cores, they will never ignite and become stars.
This Brown Dwarf
This newly discovered "brown dwarf" is believed to have formed from the same condensed matter that gave birth to our Sun. It is believed that, after the large planets formed around the Sun, they pushed it to the edge of the Solar system where it formed a sphere about 1.9MJ -- well below the mass needed to ignite it as a "sun."
read on : http://viewzone2.com/browndwarfx.html
Love Always
mudra
by Gary Vey for viewzone
The idea of a new planet being discovered in our Solar System is pretty exciting. Even more so because of the many theories about "planet-x" or "Nibiru" being associated with space aliens and the doomsday prophecies of 2012.
Scientists at places like NASA and famous observatories have deflected inquiries about the discovery for a few years now, mainly because they feared being associated with these "fringe" theories. But like it or not -- it has happened. Well... according to a team of Spanish artronomers who call themselves the StarViewer Team.
The group made the rounds of all the news web sites in the past two weeks, claiming they discovered something very significant. It's almost twice the size of Jupiter and just beyond our furthest planetoid, Pluto. Although it's not a planet, it appears to have planets or large satellites encircling it. It's what astronomers call a "brown dwarf star" and its official name is "G1.9".
What's a Brown Dwarf Star?
First we'll explain WHAT these astronomers have discovered. Then we'll discuss HOW they discovered it.
At the risk of being scientifically vague, I'll try to explain the current understanding of how stars and planets form in space.
All matter attracts other matter. A larger mass will attract smaller masses towards it. In space this results in growing clouds of matter that tend to clump together and attract more matter. Since most of the matter in space is gaseous, these clouds eventually get so dense that they collapse into dense gaseous spheres. When they do this there is usually some "left over" matter that forms a ring around the sphere.
If there is enough matter in a sphere of hydrogen, for example, it can cause so much compression at the shpere's core that the hydrogen atoms begin to fuse together and a fusion-reaction ignites a new born star. In this reaction two hydrogen atoms join together to form one helium atom and release extra energy as radiation.
Scientists believe that the minimum mass needed to ignite a sun is about 13 times the known mass of the planet Jupiter -- written as "13MJ." If the mass is lower than this, the pressure in the core is not enough to ignite and the sphere will be hot ball of gas called a "brown dwarf."
As a new star spins, the disk surrounding it gradually cools and the matter forms heavier elements like metals and minerals. These "rocks" eventually clump together and form solid spheres called planets.
Sometimes a solid sphere will attract some of the gas that is in the disk and this will result in a gaseous giant, like Jupiter and Saturn, which has a solid core but a thick gaseous atmosphere. These "gas giant" planets can be very massive but, because of their solid cores, they will never ignite and become stars.
This Brown Dwarf
This newly discovered "brown dwarf" is believed to have formed from the same condensed matter that gave birth to our Sun. It is believed that, after the large planets formed around the Sun, they pushed it to the edge of the Solar system where it formed a sphere about 1.9MJ -- well below the mass needed to ignite it as a "sun."
read on : http://viewzone2.com/browndwarfx.html
Love Always
mudra
bobhardee- Posts : 3458
Join date : 2012-09-08
Age : 74
Location : The Sandhills of SC
- Post n°419
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Jenetta- Posts : 1978
Join date : 2010-04-16
Location : British Columbia Canada
- Post n°420
Re: What's Coming Our Way
Although this report by Paul LaViolette (published January 3/2014) is mostly "Greek" to me in it's technicality, it is noteworthy and we are looking at a March to May/2014 time frame for a possible superwave impact on our solar system originating from a G2 cloud star which is on a high speed trajectory toward the Galactic core. The G2 cloud star has a mass which correlates 50:50 to having a stellar companion and if there is no stellar companion, there is a 100% chance the G2 cloud star has a giant planet or brown dwarf companion.
Full article continue at: http://etheric.com/g2-cloud-likely-contain-star-increased-chance-core-explosion/
___________________________________________
As it is below; so it is above
Full article continue at: http://etheric.com/g2-cloud-likely-contain-star-increased-chance-core-explosion/
___________________________________________
As it is below; so it is above
bobhardee- Posts : 3458
Join date : 2012-09-08
Age : 74
Location : The Sandhills of SC
- Post n°421
Re: What's Coming Our Way
I do not normally post anything from BPEarthWatch. He has a long history of trying to find Planet X and has posted many films about that. Well, I think he may have stumbled into something that needs to be passed on. 5 days ago a "professor from the University of Austin posted a film in which he said that there is an incoming planet but the film has been pulled and anyone that posts a copy of it is getting copy infringement letters. Anyway here it is. It is short and worth the watch.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AGCLj7r3VM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AGCLj7r3VM
bobhardee- Posts : 3458
Join date : 2012-09-08
Age : 74
Location : The Sandhills of SC
- Post n°422
Re: What's Coming Our Way
From the American meteorological Association 02 13 2014
Who would have thought that the most likely place to find life out there are on planets orbiting Brown Dwarfs?
Last month, the American Astronomical Society's 223rd meeting featured the announcement of a few breakthroughs: Using the Kepler space observatory, researchers had discovered a planet roughly the mass of Earth orbiting a star beyond our solar system, and with the Hubble telescope they had provided the first detailed look at the weather of a "super Earth" — a planet larger than ours but smaller than Neptune — in our galactic neighborhood. Astronomers found that GJ 1214b, like much of the Earth on any given day, is cloudy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
These similarities to Earth are tantalizing. But despite them, these planets' respective solar systems look nothing like our own. Rather than circling a big, hot, yellow sun like ours, they spin around small, cool, red stars called red dwarfs. Kind of like Krypton. Although not visible to the naked eye from Earth, these red dwarfs are the most populous stars in the Milky Way. And over the last year, a flurry of research has shown that red dwarf stars are also the best targets in the search for exoplanets that might support life. Right now the chances that a red dwarf star has a planet orbiting in its habitable zone, an astronomical goldilocks area neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water, are better than for a star like our sun. Research also suggests that these planets (and maybe life on them) behave in ways that, from our Earth-centric view, seem bizarre.
"The first planet on which we'll be able to discover signs of life is most likely going to be orbiting a red dwarf," says Courtney Dressing, an astronomy graduate student at Harvard.
Dressing and her advisor David Charbonneau kicked off the series of recent discoveries last February with a look at data from NASA's Kepler telescope. Using what Dressing calls "conservative" estimates for the habitable zone around red dwarfs, they came up with an occurrence rate of 15 percent — meaning that one in six of the most common type of star in the galaxy had a potentially habitable planet. That's no small result, but it proved to be only a starting point.
"I just jumped out of my chair."
"I thought that particular number was pretty low," says Ravi Kopparapu, a researcher at Penn State. He recently published a paper that more than doubles the habitable zone boundaries that Dressing and Charbonneau estimated. "I just jumped out of my chair," Kopparapu recalls. "No matter how many times I did it I got the same number." According to Kopparapu's findings, first submitted in March, around 50 percent of red dwarfs should have a planet in the habitable zone. A consensus was forming: a study by Eric Gaidos at the University of Hawaii study soon came up with a similar number, which also matched a 2012 European paper.
Gj1214b__artist_s_impression_
An artist rendering of planet GJ 1214b. (ESO)
But subsequent research from Cal Tech's Tim Morton and Jonathan Swift, which appeared right after Kopparapu's in March, suggests even more habitable planets around red dwarfs. To find out exactly how many more, the two looked at the original numbers from Dressing and Charbonneau, and revised them based on the original study's "completeness."
Accounting for completeness, according to Cowan, "is like a dark art." Finding it requires that researchers first take a close look at results, in this case the number of habitable-zone planets circling low-energy stars. Then, given what they know about how good or bad the approach was, account for the number of planets that weren't found. It's akin to taking the US census and extrapolating the total number of undocumented workers in the country, or any other group unlikely to participate, from the few who did.
"Starting to get really close to a hundred percent."
As it turns out, the small planets with long orbits that Kepler was finding were the ones it was least disposed to find. Morton and Swift adjusted the numbers in Dressing's original paper and came up with an estimate of 30 percent occurrence. They then took into account Kopparapu's extended habitable zone, and came up with an estimate Cowan says is "starting to get really close to a hundred percent, where for every [red dwarf] out there you should expect there to be a habitable rocky planet."
Furthermore, research exploring these planets suggests weirdness — and lots of it — in what life they might harbor. For instance, the dim light coming from a red dwarf may not be enough for plant photosynthesis like on Earth. This may lead plants to be black instead of green in order to absorb more available light.
Even weirder, these planets likely don't spin as they orbit. Since red dwarfs are smaller and cooler than the sun, planets circle them at close range, creating greater tidal forces than on our planet. While the tidal force on Earth moves the ocean up and down a few meters, that force on a red dwarf planet would be so strong it'd gradually slow down the rotation of planet completely. The result? One side of the planet would face its star in a permanently sunny day, while the other side would face the stars in an endless night.
"Dream up from scratch the ideal scenario."
These tidally locked planets hardly seem like good candidates for habitation. But in July, Cowan at Northwestern and colleagues at the University of Chicago showed that these planets had more potential for life than previously thought. They did this by applying sophisticated climate models to red dwarfs orbiting exoplanets. The models offer a new, detailed view of how clouds would act on tidally locked planets around red dwarfs. "If you were to dream up from scratch the ideal scenario to maintain temperate climes on one of these tidally locked planets," says Cowan, "this would be it."
Cowan and his team found that the day side of a tidally locked planet would be covered in highly reflective clouds, which would bounce off much of a red dwarf's heat. The night side, by contrast, would be clear of clouds. "It's like a radiator fan on the night side," says Cowan. Winds would carry heat from the sunny side to the night side, where much of it would be released into the cloudless sky. The result is a habitable zone around red dwarfs even wider than previously thought.
Jameswebb
The James Webb Telescope will continue the hunt for habitable planets. (NASA)
But whether there's a planet in the habitable zone for every single red dwarf, or one for every other, it's still a little early to pack a bag for GJ 1214b.
First there's the danger from radiation. Although relatively cool, red dwarfs can still be active, flaring out X-ray and ultraviolet radiation. If radiation flares are affecting the atmospheres on these planets, "life will probably have a hard time," says Kopparapu. More fundamentally, the stats on the stars Kepler surveyed, namely their size and brightness, could be off. Astronomy, Cowan explains, deals in magnitudes of difference: a bright star might be 10 thousand times brighter than a faint one. But when judging habitability, a difference of 10 or 20 percent in the brightness of a star is the difference between life and death.
Nonetheless, red dwarfs remain the best targets for finding life. The next big step comes in 2017, when NASA and MIT launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). This two-year mission will look for planets around stars in our immediate galactic neighborhood, including around red dwarfs. Some of the exoplanetary targets TESS identifies will be examined in greater detail by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, "the premier observatory of the next decade," which will start its mission in 2018. "It would be fantastic to try to find a planet like the Earth orbiting a sunlight star, and look for signs of life on that planet," Dressing says, "But I think that's a much harder problem" than searching for life around a red dwarf. "We need to practice first."
Who would have thought that the most likely place to find life out there are on planets orbiting Brown Dwarfs?
Last month, the American Astronomical Society's 223rd meeting featured the announcement of a few breakthroughs: Using the Kepler space observatory, researchers had discovered a planet roughly the mass of Earth orbiting a star beyond our solar system, and with the Hubble telescope they had provided the first detailed look at the weather of a "super Earth" — a planet larger than ours but smaller than Neptune — in our galactic neighborhood. Astronomers found that GJ 1214b, like much of the Earth on any given day, is cloudy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
These similarities to Earth are tantalizing. But despite them, these planets' respective solar systems look nothing like our own. Rather than circling a big, hot, yellow sun like ours, they spin around small, cool, red stars called red dwarfs. Kind of like Krypton. Although not visible to the naked eye from Earth, these red dwarfs are the most populous stars in the Milky Way. And over the last year, a flurry of research has shown that red dwarf stars are also the best targets in the search for exoplanets that might support life. Right now the chances that a red dwarf star has a planet orbiting in its habitable zone, an astronomical goldilocks area neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water, are better than for a star like our sun. Research also suggests that these planets (and maybe life on them) behave in ways that, from our Earth-centric view, seem bizarre.
"The first planet on which we'll be able to discover signs of life is most likely going to be orbiting a red dwarf," says Courtney Dressing, an astronomy graduate student at Harvard.
Dressing and her advisor David Charbonneau kicked off the series of recent discoveries last February with a look at data from NASA's Kepler telescope. Using what Dressing calls "conservative" estimates for the habitable zone around red dwarfs, they came up with an occurrence rate of 15 percent — meaning that one in six of the most common type of star in the galaxy had a potentially habitable planet. That's no small result, but it proved to be only a starting point.
"I just jumped out of my chair."
"I thought that particular number was pretty low," says Ravi Kopparapu, a researcher at Penn State. He recently published a paper that more than doubles the habitable zone boundaries that Dressing and Charbonneau estimated. "I just jumped out of my chair," Kopparapu recalls. "No matter how many times I did it I got the same number." According to Kopparapu's findings, first submitted in March, around 50 percent of red dwarfs should have a planet in the habitable zone. A consensus was forming: a study by Eric Gaidos at the University of Hawaii study soon came up with a similar number, which also matched a 2012 European paper.
Gj1214b__artist_s_impression_
An artist rendering of planet GJ 1214b. (ESO)
But subsequent research from Cal Tech's Tim Morton and Jonathan Swift, which appeared right after Kopparapu's in March, suggests even more habitable planets around red dwarfs. To find out exactly how many more, the two looked at the original numbers from Dressing and Charbonneau, and revised them based on the original study's "completeness."
Accounting for completeness, according to Cowan, "is like a dark art." Finding it requires that researchers first take a close look at results, in this case the number of habitable-zone planets circling low-energy stars. Then, given what they know about how good or bad the approach was, account for the number of planets that weren't found. It's akin to taking the US census and extrapolating the total number of undocumented workers in the country, or any other group unlikely to participate, from the few who did.
"Starting to get really close to a hundred percent."
As it turns out, the small planets with long orbits that Kepler was finding were the ones it was least disposed to find. Morton and Swift adjusted the numbers in Dressing's original paper and came up with an estimate of 30 percent occurrence. They then took into account Kopparapu's extended habitable zone, and came up with an estimate Cowan says is "starting to get really close to a hundred percent, where for every [red dwarf] out there you should expect there to be a habitable rocky planet."
Furthermore, research exploring these planets suggests weirdness — and lots of it — in what life they might harbor. For instance, the dim light coming from a red dwarf may not be enough for plant photosynthesis like on Earth. This may lead plants to be black instead of green in order to absorb more available light.
Even weirder, these planets likely don't spin as they orbit. Since red dwarfs are smaller and cooler than the sun, planets circle them at close range, creating greater tidal forces than on our planet. While the tidal force on Earth moves the ocean up and down a few meters, that force on a red dwarf planet would be so strong it'd gradually slow down the rotation of planet completely. The result? One side of the planet would face its star in a permanently sunny day, while the other side would face the stars in an endless night.
"Dream up from scratch the ideal scenario."
These tidally locked planets hardly seem like good candidates for habitation. But in July, Cowan at Northwestern and colleagues at the University of Chicago showed that these planets had more potential for life than previously thought. They did this by applying sophisticated climate models to red dwarfs orbiting exoplanets. The models offer a new, detailed view of how clouds would act on tidally locked planets around red dwarfs. "If you were to dream up from scratch the ideal scenario to maintain temperate climes on one of these tidally locked planets," says Cowan, "this would be it."
Cowan and his team found that the day side of a tidally locked planet would be covered in highly reflective clouds, which would bounce off much of a red dwarf's heat. The night side, by contrast, would be clear of clouds. "It's like a radiator fan on the night side," says Cowan. Winds would carry heat from the sunny side to the night side, where much of it would be released into the cloudless sky. The result is a habitable zone around red dwarfs even wider than previously thought.
Jameswebb
The James Webb Telescope will continue the hunt for habitable planets. (NASA)
But whether there's a planet in the habitable zone for every single red dwarf, or one for every other, it's still a little early to pack a bag for GJ 1214b.
First there's the danger from radiation. Although relatively cool, red dwarfs can still be active, flaring out X-ray and ultraviolet radiation. If radiation flares are affecting the atmospheres on these planets, "life will probably have a hard time," says Kopparapu. More fundamentally, the stats on the stars Kepler surveyed, namely their size and brightness, could be off. Astronomy, Cowan explains, deals in magnitudes of difference: a bright star might be 10 thousand times brighter than a faint one. But when judging habitability, a difference of 10 or 20 percent in the brightness of a star is the difference between life and death.
Nonetheless, red dwarfs remain the best targets for finding life. The next big step comes in 2017, when NASA and MIT launch the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). This two-year mission will look for planets around stars in our immediate galactic neighborhood, including around red dwarfs. Some of the exoplanetary targets TESS identifies will be examined in greater detail by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, "the premier observatory of the next decade," which will start its mission in 2018. "It would be fantastic to try to find a planet like the Earth orbiting a sunlight star, and look for signs of life on that planet," Dressing says, "But I think that's a much harder problem" than searching for life around a red dwarf. "We need to practice first."
bobhardee- Posts : 3458
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Re: What's Coming Our Way
bobhardee- Posts : 3458
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Re: What's Coming Our Way
March 6 2014
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Re: What's Coming Our Way
Theres one real close to Our Sun that has Mine and other's attention...
You all know It. The Inbounder arrives...
You all know It. The Inbounder arrives...
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